Mid Test

Mid Test

Name: Tiara Viodelf

NIM: RSA1C1001

1.   1.   a. Explain how the concept of organic compounds from petroleum can be used as a fuel vehicles such as car, motor bike, including aircraft.

Answer: an organic compound is one that has as an main element..Petroleum has carbon is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and other organic compounds. Oil is a mixture of alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatic hydrocarbons. Petroleum is usually located 3-4 km below sea level. Crude oil gained accommodated in tankers or piped into a tank station or oil refinery. Crude oil contains about 500 types of hydrocarbons by the number of atoms C-1 to 50. Hydrocarbons boiling point increases with the number of C atoms inside the molecule. Therefore, the processing of petroleum through distillation storey, where crude oil is separated into groups (fractions) with similar boiling points.
 Distillation is the separation of petroleum fractions based on differences in their boiling points. In this case the fractional distillation. At first, crude oil is heated in a pipe flow in the furnace (furnace) until the temperature of ± 370 ° C. Crude oil that is heated is then entered into the fractionation column in the flash chamber (usually in the lower third of the fractionation column). To keep the temperature and pressure in the column then assisted heating with steam (steam and hot water high pressure).Crude oil is vaporized in the distillation process, up to the top of the column and then condensed at different temperatures. Components of a higher boiling point will remain a liquid and fall to the bottom, while the lower boiling point will evaporate and rise to the top through the lid-lid-called bubble shield. Growing up, temperatures are in the fractionating column is getting low, so each time the component with a higher boiling point will be separated, while the component lower boiling point up to the more up again. So the next so that the component is a component that peaked at room temperature in the form of gas. Components in the form of gas is called petroleum gas, liquefied and then called LPG (Liquified Petroleum Gas). Fraction of crude oil that does not evaporate into the residue. Residues include paraffin oil, wax, and asphalt. These residues have a carbon chain of more than 20.

Petroleum fractions produced by boiling ranges are as follows:

1. Gas
The range of carbon chain: C1 to C5
Boiling Route: 0 to 50 ° C

2. Gasoline (Petrol)
The range of carbon chain: C6 to C11
Boiling Route: 50 to 85 ° C

3. Kerosene (kerosene)
The range of carbon chain: C12 to C20
Boiling Route: 85 to 105 ° C
Boiling Route: 135 to 300 ° C

6. Residue
The range of carbon chain: on the C40
Boiling route: above 300 ° C

Petroleum fractions from distillation process has not been graded according to the quality of people's needs, so it needs further processing which includes the process of cracking, reforming, polymerization, treating, and
blending.

b. Explain it how the idea of chemical compunds from petroleum can be used to make clothing and plastic and material needs of other human lives.

Petroleum in addition to the purpose of transportation fuels, industrial fuel and fuel separately household, petroleum is also the base ingredient in the manufacture of a variety of purposes in modern society such as raw materials for plastics, paint, solvents in chemical industry2, even fabrics for apparel can now be made from petroleum.
The idea is by using current synthetic fibers made from petroleum. Synthetic fibers or man-made fibers are generally derived from petrochemicals. However, there are synthetic fibers made from natural cellulose such as rayon.

The definition of petrochemical is any chemical derived from fossil fuels. This includes the fossil fuels that have been purified as methane, propane, butane, gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, jet fuel, and also includes a variety of agricultural chemicals such as pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers, as well as materials such as plastic , asphalt, and artificial fibers.

Mineral fiber

    * Glass Fiber / Fiberglass, made of quartz,
    * Metal fibers can be made from Ductile metals such as [[copper], gold, or silver.
    * Carbon fiber

Polymer fibers

    * Fiber is the part of the polymer synthetic fibers. This type of fiber is made through a chemical process. A common material used to make polymer fibers:
          o polyamide nylon,
          o PET or PBT polyester, used to make plastic bottles,
          o phenol-formaldehyde (PF)
          o fiber polivinyl alcohol (PVOH)
          o fiber polivinyl chloride (PVC)
          o polyolefin (PP and PE)
          o polyethylene (PE),
          o Elastomer, is used to make spandex,
          o polyurethane.

Fabric / synthetic textiles such as nylon and polyester, manufactured completely from chemicals. Natural textiles, such as cotton, silk and wool tebuat from plant fibers or animal. Synthetic textiles are very useful because it has different properties and more advanced than the natural material. Plastic Raincoat for example, is waterproof.

Conversion reaction is the reaction of a base material for petroleum industry with the use of inexpensive materials into valuable materials needed so economical (cheap). This process is obtained in the polymerization (formation of plastic).

Polymerization is the process of forming a polymer. Polymer composed of natural polymers and synthetic polymers. Polymers are large molecules composed of repeating small units (monomers). Monomer is an organic compound that has a double bond and a double bond is open to form a bond with other monomers to the desired amount (synthetic polymers). Natural polymer compounds formed by nature, natural polymers are examples of latex (rubber tree), carbohydrate (corn cassava), protein, cellulose, resin. While examples of synthetic polymers are nylon, dacron, teflon.

Plastic is an elastic material, heat resistant, easy to set up, lighter than wood, and are not corroded by the moisture. Plastics other than it's cheap, it also can be used as an insulator and easily colored. While the weakness of the plastic is indestructible (degradation). Examples of plastic is polyethylene, polystyrene, (Styron, Lustrex, Loalin), polyester (Mylar, Celanex, Ekonol), polypropylene (Poly-Pro, Pro-fax), polyvinyl acetate.

Polyethylene or PE (Poly Eth, Tygothene, Pentothene) is a polymer of ethylene (CH2 = CH2) and a white plastic like a candle, can be made of synthetic resin and classified in thermoplastic (heat-resistant plastic). Polyethylene has such good press power, chemical resistance, low mechanical strength, moisture resistance, high flexibility, low electrical conductivity. Based on the density PE divided into two low-density PE (used as a wrapper, household appliance and insulators) and high density (used as a drum, a water pipe, or a bottle).

2.      2.explain why the hydrocarbons that are asymmetrical or chiral have a variety of benefit for human being. And describe how does it the chiral centers can be used.

Answer: Chiral compounds are when the four different ligands bound to the carbon tetravalent, asymmetric molecules which produce carbon atom at the center asimetrisnya. Chiral Molecules have very unique properties, namely optical properties. That is a chiral molecule has the ability to rotate the plane of polarized light in a device called a polarimeter.
Chemical reactions in biological systems are very stereospecific living things. That is a stereoisomer will undergo a different reaction partner stereoisomers in biological systems of living things. In fact, sometimes a stereoisomer will produce different products with partner stereoisomers in biological systems of living things.
An example is the drug thalidomide. how does it the chiral centers can be formed

1.Determine order of priority of the 4 atoms / groups attached to the chiral C

2.Pusat chiral seen from the opposite direction to the atom / group yangmempunyai lowest priority.

3.If order of priority (besarkecil) clockwise then the center has a configuration kiraldikatakan R. If instead, the center has a configuration kiraldikatakan S.The order of priority

1.Makin high atomic number, the higher the priority, for example: I> Br> Cl> F> OH> NH> CH 3> H

2.If there are groups that are identical, then the priority is determined by the next atom number

3.      3.when ethylene gas produced from a ripe fruit can be used to ripe other fruits that are still unripe. How do you idea when the gas is used as fuel gas like methane gas.

Answer: Ethylene is a plant hormone first in the form of gas. If the fruit is ripe oranges combined with bananas, ripe bananas are faster because orange etilen.Etilen made out of gas plants and cause more rapid ripening ethylene gas requires much buah.Pembentukan inhibited by O2 and CO2. All parts of the plant can produce ethylene gas angiosperms. Formation mainly occurs in roots, shoot apical meristem, mode, fall flowers and ripe fruit. * Natural gas as a fuel, such as fuel Power Plant Gas / Steam, industrial fuel light, medium and heavy fuel vehicles (CNG / NGV), as town gas for domestic hotels, restaurants etc. .

    * Natural gas as a feedstock, such as raw material fertilizer plants, petrochemicals, methanol, plastics raw materials (LDPE = low density polyethylene, LLDPE = linear low density polyethylene, HDPE = high-density polyethylen, PE = poly ethylene, PVC = poly vinyl chloride, C3 and C4 it to LPG, its CO2 for soft drinks, dry ice food preservatives, artificial rain, industrial iron castings, welding and fire extinguisher lighter materials.

    * Natural gas as an energy commodity for export, the Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG.

4.      4.aromatic compounds are marked by ease of adjacent electrons conjugated. Please expain why an unsaturated compound which highly conjugated but is not aromatic

Answer: Based on the arrangement of carbon atoms in the molecule, carbon compounds are divided into two major categories, namely compound aliphatic and cyclic compounds. Aliphatic hydrocarbons are carbon compounds chain opens its C and C it allows branched chain. Based on the amount of the bond, aliphatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic compounds are divided into saturated and unsaturated.

- The compound is a saturated aliphatic C chain aliphatic compounds it contains only single bonds only. This group is called alkanes.

Unsaturated aliphatic compounds are aliphatic compounds, varying chain C double bond or triple. If you have duplicate named alkenes and alkynes have triple called. In unsaturated compounds (-C = O), the transition to the low-energy non-bonding involves electrons to oxygen, one of it was promoted to the p * orbital which is relatively low. However, the transition from n to p *, called "forbidden" or including a ban on the transition, it is associated with a low intensity. Two others, namely the transition from n to s * and from p to s *. Both give strong absorption, but involves high energy. The most noticeable absorption intensity for ketone compounds are electron transition p to p *