Petroleum
(English: petroleum, from Latin petrus - rock and oleum - oil), also
dubbed as the black gold, is a thick liquid, dark brown or greenish
flammable, which is in the upper layers of the few areas in the crust earth. Petroleum
consists of a complex mixture of different hydrocarbons, the majority
of the alkane series, but vary in appearance, composition, and purity. Oil extracted from oil wells in the oil mines. Location
of the wells is obtained after going through the process of geological
studies, sediment analysis, character and structure of the source, and a
variety of other studies. [1] [2] After that, the Earth will be
processed in oil refineries where oil and separated the results by boiling
point to produce a wide range of fuels, from gasoline and kerosene to
asphalt and other chemical reagents needed to make plastics and
pharmaceuticals. [3] Oil is used to produce a wide variety of goods and
material human needs. [4 ]Composition
If
seen rough, earth oil contains only crude oil, but in everyday use it
is also used in the form of hydrocarbon solids, liquids, and gases. At
standard temperature and pressure conditions, light hydrocarbons such
as methane, ethane, propane, and butane is a gas that boils at -161.6 °
C, -88.6 ° C, -42 ° C, and -0.5 ° C, respectively (- 258.9 °, -127.5 °, -43.6 ° and +31.1 ° F), while the carbon is higher, ranging from pentane to the form of solids or liquids. Even
so, in the oil under the ground, the proportion of gases, liquids, and
solids depending on surface conditions and the phase diagram of the
petroleum mixture Earth. [5]
Most oil wells producing crude oil, and sometimes there is also the natural gas content in it. Since the pressure at the Earth's surface is lower than underground, some of the gas will come out in the form of a mixture. Most gas wells producing gas. However,
as the temperature and pressure in the underground is greater than the
temperature at the surface, the gas that comes out is sometimes also
contain larger hydrocarbons, such as pentane, hexane, and heptane in the
form of gas. On the surface, the gas will condense that form natural gas condensate. Physical form of condensate is similar to gasoline.
The
percentage of light hydrocarbons in crude oil varies depending on the
oil fields, the maximum content can be up to 97% of the gross weight and
the minimum is 50%.
Types
of hydrocarbons contained in the Earth's oil consists mainly of
alkanes, cycloalkanes, and a variety of aromatic hydrocarbons, coupled
with some other minor elements such as nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, plus
some types of metals such as iron, nickel, copper, and vanadium . The
number of molecular composition vary greatly from one oil to another
oil but the percentage proportion of the chemical elements can be seen
below: [6]Element element composition by weight percentage rangeCarbon 83 to 87%Hydrogen 10 to 14%Nitrogen 0.1 to 2%Oxygen 0.05 to 1.5%Sulfur 0.05 to 6.0%Metal <0.1%
There are 4 kinds of hydrocarbon molecules present in crude oil. Relative percentage of each molecule varies by location of the oil, thus describes the characteristics of each oil. [5]Molecular composition by weight Hydrocarbon Average RangeParaffin 30% 15 to 60%Naptena 49% 30 to 60%Aromatics 15% 3 to 30%Aspaltena 6% remainsMost of the world's crude oil is a non-conventional. [7]
Physical appearance of the Earth's oil vary greatly depending on its composition. Oil is usually black or dark brown (although it can also be a yellowish color, reddish, or even greenish). In oil wells are commonly found natural gas also has a lighter density than Earth's oil, so usually out first than oil. In the mix, there is also salt water, the density is lower, so is the oil layer below. Crude
oil can also be found with a mixture of sand and oil, as in the
Athabasca oil sands in Canada, which usually refers to the raw bitumen. Bitumen
contained in the Canadian has the characteristics of a sticky, black,
shaped like crude oil in the form of tar, so it is very sticky and heavy
and must be heated beforehand in order to dissolve and be passed. [8]
Venezuela also has large amounts of oil reserves in the oil sands Orinoco, though the amount of hydrocarbons contained more fluid than in Canada. Type of oil is called extra heavy oil. The
oil contained in the oil sands are called unconventional oil to
distinguish them from oil which can be extracted by traditional methods
used. Canada
and Venezuela is estimated to have 3.6 trillion barrels (570 × 109 m3)
of bitumen and extra-heavy oil, about twice the volume of conventional
oil reserves of the world. [9]
Oil
is mainly used to produce gasoline and fuel oil, both of which are
sources of "primary energy" main. [10] 84% of the volume of oil
hydrocarbons contained in the Earth turned into fuel, which includes
gasoline, diesel, fuel jet,
and liquefied petroleum gas. [11] Petroleum level lighter oil will
produce the best quality, but because of light and medium oil reserves
are getting a little, then places the present oil processing to further
improve the processing of heavy oil and bitumen, followed methods are increasingly complex and expensive to produce oil. Due
to heavy oil level tyang Earth contains carbon and hydrogen too much
too little, then the process is typically used to reduce carbon or add
hydrogen to the molecule. To change a long and complex molecules into smaller molecules and simple, fluid catalytic cracking process used.
Because
it has a high energy density, easy transport, and a lot of reserve oil,
Earth has become the most important energy source in the world since
the mid 1950's. Oil
is also used as the raw material of many chemical products,
pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, and plastics, and
the remaining 16% that are not used for energy production is converted
into other materials.
Known
oil reserves are now about 190 km3 (1.2 trillion barrels) without oil
sands, [12] or 595 km3 (3.74 trillion barrels) if the oil sands are
counted. [13] Earth's current oil consumption is around 84 million barrels (13.4 × 106 m3) per day, or 4.9 km3 per year. With
current oil reserves, the oil can still be used until the Earth 120
years from now, if the world is assumed not to increase consumption.
Some
scientists claim that oil is abiotic substance, which means the
substance is not derived from fossils but from inorganic substances
produced naturally in the belly of the Earth. However, this view is doubtful in scientific circles.ChemicalOctane, hydrocarbons found in gasoline. The lines represents a single bond, a black ball represents carbon, while the white ball represents hydrogen.
Petroleum
is a mixture of various hydrocarbons, the type most commonly found
molecules are alkanes (both straight-chain or branched), cycloalkanes,
aromatic hydrocarbons, or compounds such as aspaltena complex. Each
oil has a unique molecular Earth respectively, are known from the
physical and chemical characteristics, color, and viscosity.
Alkanes,
also called paraffins, are saturated hydrocarbons with straight or
branched chain molecules containing only the elements carbon and
hydrogen with the general formula CnH2n +2. In
general, the Earth oil containing 5 to 40 carbon atoms per molecule,
although the number of carbon molecules with fewer / more may also be
present in the mixture.
Alkanes
from pentane (C5H12) to octane (C8H18) are refined into gasoline, while
alkanes kind nonana (C9H20) to hexadecane (C16H34) will be refined into
diesel, kerosene and jet fuel). Alkanes with 16 or more carbon atoms will be refined into oil / lubricant. Alkanes
with the number of carbon atoms greater, such as paraffin wax having 25
carbon atoms, and the asphalt has more than 35 carbon atoms. Alkanes with the number of carbon atoms 1 to 4 will be a gas at room temperature, and sold as LPG (LPG). In
winter, butane (C4H10), used as a blend in gasoline, because of the
high vapor pressure of butane will help the engine running in the
winter. Another is the use of alkanes as a cigarette lighter. In
some countries, propane (C3H8) can be availed under moderate pressure,
and community use as a transportation fuel and cooking.
Cycloalkanes,
also known as naptena, are saturated hydrocarbons which have one or
more double bond in the carbon, with the general formula CnH2n. Cycloalkanes have characteristics that are similar to alkanes but have higher boiling points.
Aromatic
hydrocarbons are saturated hydrocarbons which have one or more carbon-6
planar rings called benzene rings, where the hydrogen atom will bond
with the carbon atom with the general formula CnHn. Such hydrocarbons when burned it will cause black smoke. Some are carcinogenic.
All
kinds of different molecules above separated by fractional distillation
in a refinery to produce gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, and other
hydrocarbons. An
example is 2,2,4-trimethylpentanes (isooctane), was used as the main
mix in gasoline, has a chemical formula C8H18 and the exothermic
reaction with oxygen: [14]
2 C8H18 (l) + 25 O2 (g) → 16 CO2 (g) + 18 H2O (g) + 10.86 MJ / mol (of octane)
The number of each molecule on Earth oil can be studied in the laboratory. These
molecules usually be extracted in a solvent, then separated in the gas
chromatograph, and then can be detected by a suitable detector. [15]
Incomplete combustion of petroleum Earth or processed products will cause toxic byproducts. For example, too little oxygen is mixed it will produce carbon monoxide. Due
to the high temperature and pressure inside the engine, the exhaust
gases produced by the engine is usually also contain molecular nitrogen
oxides that can cause smog.Empirical equation for the thermal characteristics of refined petroleum products EarthHeat of combustion
At a constant volume the heat of combustion of oil products Earth can be estimated using the following formula:
Q_v = 12.400 to 2.100 d ^ 2.
with Q_v in cal / gram and d is the specific gravity at 60 ° F (16 ° C).Thermal conductivity
The thermal conductivity of liquids derived from petroleum Earth can be formulated as follows:
K = \ frac {0813} {d} [1-0.0203 (t-32)] 0547
Unit K is BTU hr-1ft-2, t is measured in ° F and d is the specific gravity at 60 ° F (16 ° C).ClassificationA sample of crude oil with a medium weight classification.
The
petroleum industry generally classifies crude oil by the geographic
location where the oil is produced (eg West Texas Intermediate, Brent,
or Oman), API Gravity (a measure of the industry to classify crude oil
based on its density and sulfur content. Petroleum is classified light
when the density is small and the weight if the density. Petroleum is
also classified as an adorable little sulfur content and an acid
classified kandunga high sulfur.
Geographical location is seseatu important because it will affect the cost of transportation to the place refining. Light
crude oil is preferred over heavy because it produces more gasoline,
while sweet crude is also preferable that amino acids because the cost
of refined petroleum larger (because of its high sulfur content) and
sweet oil is more environmentally friendly. Each oil has its own molecular characteristics that can be analyzed using analysis of crude oil in the laboratory trials.Use! Further information: Oil Products Earth
The chemical structure of Minya Earth is heterogeneous, composed of many hydrocarbon chains of different lengths vary. Therefore,
the oil brought to the Earth so that the oil refinery hydrocarbon
compounds can be separated by distillation techniques and other chemical
processes. The results of oil refining is used by humans for a variety of needs.Fuel
The most common types of products from oil refining Earth is the fuel. The types of fuel, among others (judging from the boiling point): [16]Distillate fuel oils Earth name oC Boiling pointLiquefied petroleum gas (LPG) -40Butane -12 to -1Gasoline -1 to 180Jet fuel 150 to 205Kerosene 205 to 260Fuel oil 205 to 290Diesel 260 to 315Other derivative products
Some of refined hydrocarbon products can be mixed with non-hydrocarbon compounds to form other compounds:
Alkenes (olefins), can be manufactured into plastics or other compounds.
Lubricants (engine oil and grease).
Wax, used in the packaging of frozen foods.
Sulfur or sulfuric acid. Is an important compound in the industry.
Tar.
Asphalt.
Earth petroleum coke, is used as a solid fuel.
Paraffin wax.
Petrochemical aromatic, used as a blend in the production of other chemicals.
In Indonesia
In
Indonesia, the Earth are processed oils are widely used as a fuel or
fuel oil, which is one type of fuel used widely in the era of
industrialization.
There are several types of fuel, known in Indonesia, among which are:
Household kerosene
Petroleum industry
Pertamax Racing
Pertamax
Pertamax Plus
Premium
Bio Premium
Bio Solar
Pertamina DEX
Solar transport
Solar industry
Diesel oil
Fuel oil
In Indonesia, it is often an increase in fuel prices due to the reason that the government wants to reduce subsidies. The
purpose of the reduction is said to be funds that were previously used
for subsidies can be diverted to other things such as education and
infrastructure development. On
the other hand, the increase is often triggered a rise in the price of
other goods such as consumer goods, groceries and electricity tariffs
that could also always opposed the public.HistoryThe main article for this section are: History of Oil EarthOil drilling in Okemah, Oklahoma, 1922.
Oil has been used by humans since ancient times, and is still an important commodity. Oil
primary fuel after the discovery of the internal combustion engine, the
more advanced commercial aviation and the increasing use of plastic.
More
than 4000 years ago, according to Herodotus and Diodorus Siculus,
asphalt was used as the construction of the walls and towers of Babylon,
there is plenty of oil pits near Ardericca (near Babylon). [17] The
amount of oil was found on the banks of the river Issus , one of the tributaries of the Euphrates. The
tablets of the ancient Persian empire shows that demand for
pharmaceuticals and lighting for the middle-upper using oil earth. In the year 347, the oil wells are produced daqri with bamboo in China. [18]
In
the 1850's, Ignacy Lukasiewicz discover how the process to distill
kerosene from petroleum Earth, thus providing a cheaper alternative than
having to use whale oil. So,
immediately, use the Earth for the purpose of lighting the oil soared
in North America. [19] The first commercial oil well in the world who
dug located in Poland in 1853. Oil drilling and then growing very rapidly in many parts of the world, especially when the Russian Empire in power. The
company, based in Azerbaijan Branobel dominate world oil production by
the end of the 19th century. [20] [verification needed source]Crude oil industryPrice of West Texas Intermediate oil on the New York Mercantile Exchange, 1996-2009The main article for this section are: Industrial oils Earth
The
things that are included in the crude oil industry is a process of
exploration, extraction, refining, and transportation (which is usually
transported by tankers and pipelines). The largest volume of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline. Oil
is also a major fuel in the manufacture of other chemical products,
including pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, and
plastics. The industry is usually divided into three major components: upstream, midstream and downstream.
Oil
is a very important requirement for many industries, and is essential
for maintaining human civilization in this era of industrialization, so
the Earth's oil is a serious concern for many governments in many
countries. Currently,
oil is still the Earth's largest energy source in many regions of the
world, with the percentage varying from a low of 32% in Europe and Asia,
up to the highest in the Middle East, which reached 53%. In
other areas, the percentage of Earth's oil consumption as a source of
energy for South and Central America 44%, Africa 41%, and North America
40%. The
world currently consumes 30 million barrels (4.8 km ³) of oil per year,
and remains the largest oil consuming developed countries. According
to the data, the United States alone consumes 24% of world oil
consumption in 2004, [21] though in 2007 the percentage dropped to 21%.
[22]
Rabu, 26 September 2012
why ethylene can make a fast fruit ripe?
Ethylene
is a growth hormone which is generally different from those of other
hormones such as auxin, gibberellin and cytokinin. Under normal circumstances, be in the form of gases Ethylene (C2 H4) with a chemical structure very simple.
Ethylene is produced during respiration of fruit, leaves and other tissues in plants. Because produced by plants in large amounts of this hormone can accelerate the ripening of fruit. Speed ripening fruit grown there are substances encourages solving hoarding flour and sugar. The process of solving the flour and sugar accumulation is a cooking process that is characterized by changes in color, texture and smell of the fruit. The process of protein synthesis occurs in the maturation process of natural or hormonal glance, where the protein is synthesized as soon as the process of maturation. Fruit ripening and inhibited by protein synthesis in the early phase siklohexamin klimatoris after siklohexamin missing, then the synthesis of ethylene not have problems. Synthesis of ribonucleic also required in the process of maturation. Ethylene enhances the synthesis of RNA on a green mango.
Ethylene is a growth hormone that is produced from normal metabolism in plants In fruit ripening, ethylene working to solve the chlorophyll in young fruit, so the fruit has only xantofil and carotene. Thus, the color becomes orange or red fruit . Ethylene produced by higher plants from the essential amino acid methionine in all plant tissues. Production of ethylene depends on the type of tissue, species, and stage of development . Ethylene working to solve the chlorophyll in young fruit, so the fruit has only xantofil and carotene. Thus, the color becomes orange or red fruit Ethylene is formed from methionine via the 3 processes : • ATP is an important component in the synthesis of ethylene. ATP and water will make methionine lost 3 phosphate groups. • 1-Amino-1-carboxylic aminosiklopropana synthase (ACC synthase) and facilitates the production of ACC and SAM (S-adenosil methionine). • Oxygen required to oxidize ACC and ethylene production. This reaction is catalyzed using ethylene-forming enzyme.
Ethylene is produced during respiration of fruit, leaves and other tissues in plants. Because produced by plants in large amounts of this hormone can accelerate the ripening of fruit. Speed ripening fruit grown there are substances encourages solving hoarding flour and sugar. The process of solving the flour and sugar accumulation is a cooking process that is characterized by changes in color, texture and smell of the fruit. The process of protein synthesis occurs in the maturation process of natural or hormonal glance, where the protein is synthesized as soon as the process of maturation. Fruit ripening and inhibited by protein synthesis in the early phase siklohexamin klimatoris after siklohexamin missing, then the synthesis of ethylene not have problems. Synthesis of ribonucleic also required in the process of maturation. Ethylene enhances the synthesis of RNA on a green mango.
Ethylene is a growth hormone that is produced from normal metabolism in plants In fruit ripening, ethylene working to solve the chlorophyll in young fruit, so the fruit has only xantofil and carotene. Thus, the color becomes orange or red fruit . Ethylene produced by higher plants from the essential amino acid methionine in all plant tissues. Production of ethylene depends on the type of tissue, species, and stage of development . Ethylene working to solve the chlorophyll in young fruit, so the fruit has only xantofil and carotene. Thus, the color becomes orange or red fruit Ethylene is formed from methionine via the 3 processes : • ATP is an important component in the synthesis of ethylene. ATP and water will make methionine lost 3 phosphate groups. • 1-Amino-1-carboxylic aminosiklopropana synthase (ACC synthase) and facilitates the production of ACC and SAM (S-adenosil methionine). • Oxygen required to oxidize ACC and ethylene production. This reaction is catalyzed using ethylene-forming enzyme.
Selasa, 25 September 2012
Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes
Of the various chemical elements we know, there is an element whose scope is very broad and very deep discussion on the CARBON. Carbon has an atomic number of 6 so the number of electrons also 6, the configuration 6C = 2, 4. This
can be seen from the electron configuration C atom has four valence
electrons (electrons in the outer shell.) In order to obtain 8 electrons
(octet) in the outermost shell (valence electrons) needs 4 electrons so
that each electron valence electron pairs by looking for the other
atoms. The specificity of the carbon atom is its ability to bind to other carbon atoms forming the carbon chain. Forms of carbon chains are the simplest hydrocarbon. Hydrocarbons are composed of two elements, namely hydrogen and carbon.
Based on the number of other C atoms bonded to one C atom in the carbon chain, the C atom is divided into:
a. Primary C atom, the C atom that binds the C atom to another. b. Secondary C atom, the C atom bound to two other C atoms. c. Tertiary C atom, the C atom that binds the other three C atoms. d. Kwarterner C atoms, the atom C that bind to four other C atoms.
Based on the form of carbon chain:
• Hydrocarbons aliphatic hydrocarbons with chain = straight / open saturated (single bond / alkanes) and unsaturated (double bond / alkene or alkyne). • Hydrocarbons = alicyclic hydrocarbons with chain circular / closed (ring). • Aromatic Hydrocarbons = hydrocarbons with chain circular (ring) having a single bond between atoms C and dual alternately / alternating (conjugated)
Based on the existing bonds in the C chain, aliphatic hydrocarbons distinguished by: 1. Alkanes (CnH2n +2) 2. Alkenes (CnH2n) 3. Alkynes (CnH2n-2)
Description: n = 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. .......
Alkanes (Paraffin)
is its hydrocarbon chain C consists of only a single covalent bonds only. often referred to as saturated hydrocarbons .... as the number of hydrogen atoms in the molecule tiap2 maximum. Understanding Alkanes nomenclature is vital, as the basis for naming senyawa2 other carbon.
Properties of Alkanes 1. Saturated hydrocarbons (no bond C atom duplicate so its maximum number of H atoms) 2. Called paraffin as affinity groups small (little affinity) 3. It is difficult to react 4. Form Alkanes with a chain C1 - C4 is a gas at room temperature, C4 - C17 is a liquid at ambient temperature and> C18 is a solid at room temperature 5. Boiling point is higher for C elements ... and if it increases the number of C atoms together so that branches have a lower boiling point 6. Solubility properties: easily soluble in non-polar solvents 7. Density rose with increasing the number of elements of C 8. Is a major source of natural gas and petroleum (crude oil) General formula CnH2n +2
Chemical properties
Alkanes are nonpolar compound that does not react with most reagents. This is due to alkanes have strong sigma bonds between the carbon atoms. In certain circumstances alkanes can react with oxygen and halogen elements.
If the amount of oxygen available sufficient alkane would be perfect in oxidize carbon dioxide and water vapor as well as the release of some thermal energy. If the amount of oxygen available is insufficient, the results obtained by the reaction of carbon and water vapor monooksida.
Alkanes can react with halogen catalyzed by heat or ultraviolet light. From a change of one reaction of H atoms from alkanes related. However, if the available halogen adequate or excessive, then a change of more than one atom and even all the H atom is replaced by a halogen. According to the study the rate of change of the following H atom H3> H2> H1. Turnover reaction atoms in a compound called a substitution reaction.
Homologous series alkanes
Homologous series is a group / groups of carbon compounds with the same general formula, have similar properties and between ethnic groups have different berturutannya CH2 or in other words an open chain with no branches or branches with the same number of branches.
The properties of the homologous series of alkanes: o Have similar chemical properties o Has the same general formula o The difference between the two tribes Mr berturutannya at 14 o The longer the carbon chain, the higher the boiling point
n Formula Name
1. CH4 = methane 2. C2H6 = ethane 3. C3H8 = propane 4. Butane C4H10 = 5. C5H12 = pentane 6. C6H14 = hexane 7. C7H16 = heptane 8. Octane C8H18 = 9. C9H20 = nonana 10. C10H22 = decane 11. C11H24 = undekana 12. C12H26 = dodecane
TATA NAME alkanes
1. Alkane name is based on the longest C chain as the main chain. If there are two or more chains are longest then selected the highest number of branches 2. Branch C is a chain attached to the main chain. alkananya name written in front of the number and the name of the branch. Branch name matches the name alkanes by replacing the suffix with the suffix ana il (alkyl). 3. If there are several branches of the same, then the name of the branch that is the same amount of C mentioned once but comes with a prefix that states the amount of the entire branch. The atomic number C where the branch is bound to be written as an existing branch (which is written numbers = number prefix is used), which is at = 2, tri = 3, tetra = 4, penta = 5 and so on. 4. For a number of branches of C is different sorted in alphabetical order (first from methyl ethyl). 5. Branch number was calculated from the end closest to the main chain with branches. If the location of the nearest branch with both starting from the same: • Branch first alphabet sequence (first of methyl ethyl) • Branches are more numerous (two first branches of the branch)
Usefulness alkanes, as:
• Fuel • Solvents • Sources of hydrogen • Lubricants • The raw material for other organic compounds • Raw materials industry
Alkane-alkane important as a fuel and as a raw material to synthesize other carbon compounds. Many alkanes found in petroleum, and can be separated into its parts by distillation steps. The first term up to four compounds gaseous alkanes at room temperature. Methane is also called natural gas is widely used as fuel for household / industrial. Propane gas, can be availed at high pressure and its use as a fuel called LPG (liquified petroleum gas). LPG is sold in steel tanks and distributed to homes. Butane gas is easier to melt than propane and is used as a "lighter" cigarettes. Octane has a boiling point where she was in a motor fuel. Alkane-alkane high temperature found in kerosene (kerosene), diesel fuel, lubricants, and paraffin that is widely used to make candles.
Alkenes (Olefins)
an unsaturated hydrocarbon compound that has one double bond 2 (-C = C-)
Properties of Alkenes • Hydrocarbons unsaturated double bonds • alkene called olefins (oil forming) • more active physiological properties (as sleeping pills -> 2-methyl-2-butene) • Properties with Alkanes, but more reactive • Properties: colorless gas, can be burned, peculiar smell, explosive in the air (at a concentration of 3-34%) • There is the ordinary coal gas in the process of "cracking" General formula CnH2n
Physical
Alkenes are nonpolar compounds that are not soluble in water and has a density of less than water. Alkenes can be dissolved in other alkenes, nonpolar solvents and ethanol. Alkenes at room temperature with two, three and four gaseous carbon atoms. While Alkenes with the higher molecular weight can be a liquid and solid at room temperature.
Chemical properties
Owned alkene double bond are characteristic of alkene called functional groups. The reaction occurs in alkenes can occur at the double bond can also occur outside of the double bond. Reactions that occur at the double bond is called an addition reaction characterized by breaking bond (π bond) to form a single bond (bond α) with a particular atom or group.
In addition to these properties can undergo polymerization reactions with alkenes can also react with oxygen to form water vapor korbondioksida and an abundant amount of oxygen, when the amount of oxygen is not sufficient then formed karbonmonooksida and water vapor.
TATA NAME alkenes
almost the same as naming Alkanes with a difference: • The main chain must contain the double bond and selected the longest. Name the major chains are also similar to alkanes by replacing the suffix-ana-ene. So the selection of the longest chain of C atoms starting from C dual to the right and left and the right and left selected the longest. • Numbers written bond position in front of the main chain and is calculated from the tip to the location of the double bond C its smallest sequence number. • Sequence number position as branch chain numbering sequence fagots main chain.
Uses Alkenes as: • Can be used as an anesthetic (mixed with O2) • To ripen fruit • industrial raw materials plastics, synthetic rubber, and alcohol.
Alkyne
an unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds having one double bond 3 (-C ≡ C-). The nature is the same as alkenes but more reactive.
General formula CnH2n-2
Tata same name with alkenes. but the suffix-ene-una replaced Uses alkyne as: • ethyne (acetylene = C2H2) is used to weld iron and steel. • for lighting • Synthesis of other compounds.
Physical properties of alkynes
* Alkyne-alkyne low interest gaseous at room temperature, while containing five or more carbon atoms in a gas. * It has a density of less than water. * Not soluble in water but soluble in organic solvents such as nonpolar ether, benzene, and carbon tetrachloride. * Boiling point alkyne higher with increasing number of carbon atoms, but the lower side chain or if there are more and more branching. Alkyne boiling point slightly higher than alkanes and alkynes are almost the same molecular weight.
Chemical properties
The existence of a triple bond held alkyne allows the addition reaction, polymerization, substitution and combustion
Uses alkyne
* Ethyne (acetylene) gas acetylene used for welding iron and steel or metal cutting. Reaction formation of ethyne (acetylene):
* Drafting some synthetic drugs:
Alkyl halide (haloalkane)
Alkyl halide compounds are well saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated H of the elements of his or replaced by halogens (X = Br, Cl. I)
Physical properties Alkyl halides: • Have a point higher than the boiling point of Alkanes with C the same number of elements. • Not soluble in water, but soluble in certain organic solvents. • compounds bromo, iodo and polikloro heavier than water. Alkyl halides Structure: R-X
Description: R = hydrocarbon X = Br (bromo), Cl (chloro) and I (Iodo)
Based on the alkyl in hydrocarbon divided into: • Alkyl halides primary, if the primary C atom bound • Secondary Alkyl halides, when the C atom bound secondary • Tertiary Alkyl halides, when the tertiary C atom bound CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-Cl (CH3) 2CH-Br (CH3) 3C-Br Primary secondary tertiary
Preparation of alkyl halides 1. Of alcohol 2. Halogenated 3. Addition of hydrogen halides from alkenes 4. Halogen adducts of alkenes and alkynes
The use of alkyl halides: • Chloroform (CHCl3): solvent for fats, drugs (spiked with ethanol, stored in brown bottles, filled to the brim). • Tetraklorometana = karbontetraklorida (CCl4): solvent for fats, fire extinguishers (Pyrene). • Freon (Freon 12 = CCl2F2, Freon 22 = CHCl2F): cooling refrigerator, tool "air conditioner", as a propellant (propagator) cosmetics, insecticides, etc.
Based on the number of other C atoms bonded to one C atom in the carbon chain, the C atom is divided into:
a. Primary C atom, the C atom that binds the C atom to another. b. Secondary C atom, the C atom bound to two other C atoms. c. Tertiary C atom, the C atom that binds the other three C atoms. d. Kwarterner C atoms, the atom C that bind to four other C atoms.
Based on the form of carbon chain:
• Hydrocarbons aliphatic hydrocarbons with chain = straight / open saturated (single bond / alkanes) and unsaturated (double bond / alkene or alkyne). • Hydrocarbons = alicyclic hydrocarbons with chain circular / closed (ring). • Aromatic Hydrocarbons = hydrocarbons with chain circular (ring) having a single bond between atoms C and dual alternately / alternating (conjugated)
Based on the existing bonds in the C chain, aliphatic hydrocarbons distinguished by: 1. Alkanes (CnH2n +2) 2. Alkenes (CnH2n) 3. Alkynes (CnH2n-2)
Description: n = 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. .......
Alkanes (Paraffin)
is its hydrocarbon chain C consists of only a single covalent bonds only. often referred to as saturated hydrocarbons .... as the number of hydrogen atoms in the molecule tiap2 maximum. Understanding Alkanes nomenclature is vital, as the basis for naming senyawa2 other carbon.
Properties of Alkanes 1. Saturated hydrocarbons (no bond C atom duplicate so its maximum number of H atoms) 2. Called paraffin as affinity groups small (little affinity) 3. It is difficult to react 4. Form Alkanes with a chain C1 - C4 is a gas at room temperature, C4 - C17 is a liquid at ambient temperature and> C18 is a solid at room temperature 5. Boiling point is higher for C elements ... and if it increases the number of C atoms together so that branches have a lower boiling point 6. Solubility properties: easily soluble in non-polar solvents 7. Density rose with increasing the number of elements of C 8. Is a major source of natural gas and petroleum (crude oil) General formula CnH2n +2
Chemical properties
Alkanes are nonpolar compound that does not react with most reagents. This is due to alkanes have strong sigma bonds between the carbon atoms. In certain circumstances alkanes can react with oxygen and halogen elements.
If the amount of oxygen available sufficient alkane would be perfect in oxidize carbon dioxide and water vapor as well as the release of some thermal energy. If the amount of oxygen available is insufficient, the results obtained by the reaction of carbon and water vapor monooksida.
Alkanes can react with halogen catalyzed by heat or ultraviolet light. From a change of one reaction of H atoms from alkanes related. However, if the available halogen adequate or excessive, then a change of more than one atom and even all the H atom is replaced by a halogen. According to the study the rate of change of the following H atom H3> H2> H1. Turnover reaction atoms in a compound called a substitution reaction.
Homologous series alkanes
Homologous series is a group / groups of carbon compounds with the same general formula, have similar properties and between ethnic groups have different berturutannya CH2 or in other words an open chain with no branches or branches with the same number of branches.
The properties of the homologous series of alkanes: o Have similar chemical properties o Has the same general formula o The difference between the two tribes Mr berturutannya at 14 o The longer the carbon chain, the higher the boiling point
n Formula Name
1. CH4 = methane 2. C2H6 = ethane 3. C3H8 = propane 4. Butane C4H10 = 5. C5H12 = pentane 6. C6H14 = hexane 7. C7H16 = heptane 8. Octane C8H18 = 9. C9H20 = nonana 10. C10H22 = decane 11. C11H24 = undekana 12. C12H26 = dodecane
TATA NAME alkanes
1. Alkane name is based on the longest C chain as the main chain. If there are two or more chains are longest then selected the highest number of branches 2. Branch C is a chain attached to the main chain. alkananya name written in front of the number and the name of the branch. Branch name matches the name alkanes by replacing the suffix with the suffix ana il (alkyl). 3. If there are several branches of the same, then the name of the branch that is the same amount of C mentioned once but comes with a prefix that states the amount of the entire branch. The atomic number C where the branch is bound to be written as an existing branch (which is written numbers = number prefix is used), which is at = 2, tri = 3, tetra = 4, penta = 5 and so on. 4. For a number of branches of C is different sorted in alphabetical order (first from methyl ethyl). 5. Branch number was calculated from the end closest to the main chain with branches. If the location of the nearest branch with both starting from the same: • Branch first alphabet sequence (first of methyl ethyl) • Branches are more numerous (two first branches of the branch)
Usefulness alkanes, as:
• Fuel • Solvents • Sources of hydrogen • Lubricants • The raw material for other organic compounds • Raw materials industry
Alkane-alkane important as a fuel and as a raw material to synthesize other carbon compounds. Many alkanes found in petroleum, and can be separated into its parts by distillation steps. The first term up to four compounds gaseous alkanes at room temperature. Methane is also called natural gas is widely used as fuel for household / industrial. Propane gas, can be availed at high pressure and its use as a fuel called LPG (liquified petroleum gas). LPG is sold in steel tanks and distributed to homes. Butane gas is easier to melt than propane and is used as a "lighter" cigarettes. Octane has a boiling point where she was in a motor fuel. Alkane-alkane high temperature found in kerosene (kerosene), diesel fuel, lubricants, and paraffin that is widely used to make candles.
Alkenes (Olefins)
an unsaturated hydrocarbon compound that has one double bond 2 (-C = C-)
Properties of Alkenes • Hydrocarbons unsaturated double bonds • alkene called olefins (oil forming) • more active physiological properties (as sleeping pills -> 2-methyl-2-butene) • Properties with Alkanes, but more reactive • Properties: colorless gas, can be burned, peculiar smell, explosive in the air (at a concentration of 3-34%) • There is the ordinary coal gas in the process of "cracking" General formula CnH2n
Physical
Alkenes are nonpolar compounds that are not soluble in water and has a density of less than water. Alkenes can be dissolved in other alkenes, nonpolar solvents and ethanol. Alkenes at room temperature with two, three and four gaseous carbon atoms. While Alkenes with the higher molecular weight can be a liquid and solid at room temperature.
Chemical properties
Owned alkene double bond are characteristic of alkene called functional groups. The reaction occurs in alkenes can occur at the double bond can also occur outside of the double bond. Reactions that occur at the double bond is called an addition reaction characterized by breaking bond (π bond) to form a single bond (bond α) with a particular atom or group.
In addition to these properties can undergo polymerization reactions with alkenes can also react with oxygen to form water vapor korbondioksida and an abundant amount of oxygen, when the amount of oxygen is not sufficient then formed karbonmonooksida and water vapor.
TATA NAME alkenes
almost the same as naming Alkanes with a difference: • The main chain must contain the double bond and selected the longest. Name the major chains are also similar to alkanes by replacing the suffix-ana-ene. So the selection of the longest chain of C atoms starting from C dual to the right and left and the right and left selected the longest. • Numbers written bond position in front of the main chain and is calculated from the tip to the location of the double bond C its smallest sequence number. • Sequence number position as branch chain numbering sequence fagots main chain.
Uses Alkenes as: • Can be used as an anesthetic (mixed with O2) • To ripen fruit • industrial raw materials plastics, synthetic rubber, and alcohol.
Alkyne
an unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds having one double bond 3 (-C ≡ C-). The nature is the same as alkenes but more reactive.
General formula CnH2n-2
Tata same name with alkenes. but the suffix-ene-una replaced Uses alkyne as: • ethyne (acetylene = C2H2) is used to weld iron and steel. • for lighting • Synthesis of other compounds.
Physical properties of alkynes
* Alkyne-alkyne low interest gaseous at room temperature, while containing five or more carbon atoms in a gas. * It has a density of less than water. * Not soluble in water but soluble in organic solvents such as nonpolar ether, benzene, and carbon tetrachloride. * Boiling point alkyne higher with increasing number of carbon atoms, but the lower side chain or if there are more and more branching. Alkyne boiling point slightly higher than alkanes and alkynes are almost the same molecular weight.
Chemical properties
The existence of a triple bond held alkyne allows the addition reaction, polymerization, substitution and combustion
Uses alkyne
* Ethyne (acetylene) gas acetylene used for welding iron and steel or metal cutting. Reaction formation of ethyne (acetylene):
* Drafting some synthetic drugs:
Alkyl halide (haloalkane)
Alkyl halide compounds are well saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated H of the elements of his or replaced by halogens (X = Br, Cl. I)
Physical properties Alkyl halides: • Have a point higher than the boiling point of Alkanes with C the same number of elements. • Not soluble in water, but soluble in certain organic solvents. • compounds bromo, iodo and polikloro heavier than water. Alkyl halides Structure: R-X
Description: R = hydrocarbon X = Br (bromo), Cl (chloro) and I (Iodo)
Based on the alkyl in hydrocarbon divided into: • Alkyl halides primary, if the primary C atom bound • Secondary Alkyl halides, when the C atom bound secondary • Tertiary Alkyl halides, when the tertiary C atom bound CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-Cl (CH3) 2CH-Br (CH3) 3C-Br Primary secondary tertiary
Preparation of alkyl halides 1. Of alcohol 2. Halogenated 3. Addition of hydrogen halides from alkenes 4. Halogen adducts of alkenes and alkynes
The use of alkyl halides: • Chloroform (CHCl3): solvent for fats, drugs (spiked with ethanol, stored in brown bottles, filled to the brim). • Tetraklorometana = karbontetraklorida (CCl4): solvent for fats, fire extinguishers (Pyrene). • Freon (Freon 12 = CCl2F2, Freon 22 = CHCl2F): cooling refrigerator, tool "air conditioner", as a propellant (propagator) cosmetics, insecticides, etc.
Minggu, 23 September 2012
HYDROCARBONS
Hydrocarbons are the simplest alkane, a hydrocarbon that contains only
single covalent bonds. Hydrocarbons are compounds whose molecular structure
consists of hydrogen and carbon. The simplest molecule of the alkane is
methane. Methane is a gas at standard temperature and pressure, is a major
component of natural gas (Wilbraham, 1992).
Hydrocarbons can be classified according to a variety of carbon-carbon bonds they contain. Hydrocarbons with carbon-carbon single bond has called saturated hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons with two or more carbon atoms having two or three bonds called unsaturated hydrocarbons (Fessenden, 1997).
Hydrogen and its compounds, generally divided into three major groups, namely:
1. Hydrogen consists of aliphatic carbon chain that does not cover cyclic wake. This group is often referred to as the open-chain hydrocarbons or cyclic hydrocarbons. Examples of aliphatic hydrocarbons, namely:
C2H6 (ethane) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 (pentane)
2. Alicyclic hydrocarbon or cyclic hydrocarbon composed of carbon atoms arranged in a ring or more.
3. Aromatic hydrocarbons are a special class of cyclic compounds that are usually described as a ring of six with a single bond and a double bond bersilih changed. The group is classified separately from acyclic and aliphatic hydrocarbons because of its unique physical and chemical properties (Shukri, 1999).
For saturated hydrocarbons, all of the carbon atoms in the alkane has four single bonds and no lone pairs. The electrons are bound strongly by both atoms. Consequently, these compounds are quite stable and is also called paraffin which means less reactive (Wilbraham, 1992).
Carbon-carbon of a hydrocarbon can come together as a chain or a ring. Saturated hydrocarbons with the atoms together in a straight chain or branched chain alkanes are classified as. A mean of each straight-chain carbon atoms of alkanes is tied to no more than two other carbon atoms. A branched-chain alkanes containing at least one carbon atom bonded to three other carbon atoms or more (Fessenden, 1997).
Straight-chain alkanes:
CH3 - CH2 - CH3
Branched-chain alkanes:
CH3 - CH - CH2 - CH3
CH3
Compounds of low molecular weight gaseous and liquid, high-molecular-weight substances are solid. Alkanes are nonpolar substance, a substance that is not soluble in water with a liquid density of less than 1.0 g / ml. In addition there is also alkanes alkenes are hydrocarbons which have one or more double bond carbon-carbon. The compound is said to be saturated because it does not have the maximum number of atoms that actually can fit any carbon (Pettruci, 1987).
Aliphatic hydrocarbons derived from petroleum, while aromatic hydrocarbons from coal. All hydrocarbons, aliphatic and aromatic have three general properties, which are not soluble in water, is lighter than water and burns in air (Wilbraham, 1992)
Merupkan alkane hydrocarbons from unsaturated aldehyde can be reacted with acetaldehyde, Zn metal in acid and added H2SO4, following the addition of H2SO4 then changes color changes to dark brown, dense metal that Zn as for being late due to the influence of H2SO4. This reaction is called reduction Clemensen, while the reaction is as follows:
O
CH3 - C - H Zn + H2SO4 C2H6
Zn metal were to act as a reductant, whereas concentrated H2SO4 serves as an oxidant. This is what causes the color change. Acetaldehyde is a group of easily reduced to aldehyde compounds with the same number of atoms number. Zinc metal is added to function as a reductant (oxidized), whereas concentrated H2SO4 solution as an oxidant (is reduced).
gas missions that have an influence on human health and global warming is often not a priority in any policy made by many countries in the world. How badly actual consequences gas emissions can we trace below.
Indeed, gas emissions from the offerings in human activity is a consequence of everyday life on planet earth. Emissions that occurred, was not solely derived from human activities, but also of the natural process. For example, the leaf respiration, volcanic eruption, the natural life in the woods, spontaneous fires in the woods, and the biochemical processes that occur in the swamp. The gas emitted naturally, according to Dr. dr. SKM Purwaka Rachmadhi School of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, is part of the recycling process that always occurs dynamically in order to equilibrium naturally.
"For the amount of emissions that the offerings are still within the limits of the natural ability to recycle re-reschedule, gas emissions will not significantly disrupt life on Earth. However, if the gas resulting from human activity has been beyond kepasitas natural recycling, of course cause a buildup of gas, not only on the micro-environment, but also has led to faltering balance of the macro environment, which are in the form of global warming that does not directly result in public health , "said Rachmadhi.
In addition to the indirect effects of the gas, the gas content types that emissions of any potential direct effect on public health.
The presence of several components that form gas emissions from motor vehicles (carbon monoxide, nitrogen gas, and the gas nitrogen oxide gases and gas-hydrocarbons) and this is a xenobiotic substance (substances foreign to the human body), also cause a variety of health problems in humans directly. Carbon monoxide, for example, will cause interference with the transport of oxygen in the body system. Nitrogen oxide gases are gases that potentially lower the body's immunity, and hydrocarbon gases, obviously it can cause irritation, body system disorders and cancer.
Global Warming
According Rachmadhi, global warming began to be realized when at about the decade of the 1960s to the 1970s, experts are faced with data regarding the cessation of cooling air. Previously, the earth cools at a rate of half a degree every year. However, the process of global warming when it is detected in the northern hemisphere, causing the cooling of the earth stalled. Since then, conditions continued to global warming which leads to an increase in air temperature.
The experts who are members of the body of the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration in the United States, and believes that global warming caused by the buildup of carbon dioxide in the upper atmosphere as a result of human activities offering. The presence of carbon dioxide in large quantities is like to be a shock for the degree of reflection or albedo of the earth to the sun which allows the earth to avoid overheating. Reflection of the earth to the sun was due to the reflection of sunlight by dust particles, clouds, water, snow, and ice.
In addition to carbon dioxide, some other gases are also known to contribute to global warming. The gases in question, among other things, gas ozone found in lower layers of the atmosphere, methane, chlorofluorocarbon gases, nitrogen oxide gases, and water vapor. Clouds are a deterrent sunlight heating the Earth, it also blocks the release of the reflected heat of the earth so that played a role in the process of global warming.
According Rachmadhi, it is known that carbon dioxide has the largest contribution in its effect on global warming, which is as much as 49 percent, while only 18 per cent methane, chlorofluorocarbon gases by 14 percent, nitrogen oxide gases 6 percent, and other gases by 13 percent. Thus, it can be said that of all kinds of gases causing global warming, carbon dioxide is the most dangerous gases. Conversely, global warming by greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide through effect, it is a precondition for human life and most animals. If this process does not occur, the average air temperature at the earth's surface is minus 20 degrees Celsius.
However, in the recent period, the earth gets redundant supply of the gases. The burning of forests and fossil fuels, industry, power generation and motor vehicle emissions contribute to greenhouse gas carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere. "The supply of these gases occur in excess and concentrated in certain places," he said.
Due to presence of Increased Number of People and Development
An increasing number of people and the accompanying development aselerasi, give rise to the availability of foodstuffs multiplied many times compared to the past. Traditional farming patterns no longer able to meet the food needs of the world's insistence, so that agricultural patterns through a revolution that forced the felling of forest for the purpose of farming land and shelter.
With the opening of farmland that causes tearing down forests absorbing carbon dioxide through the process of assimilation, increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere becomes uncontrollable. Under ordinary circumstances the forest and vegetation in general is one of the elements that contribute to transform carbon dioxide into ingredients for growth for plants in the recycling of carbon. "According to estimates, if the other conditions to support, required plant 20 billion trees every year to be able to absorb 67 percent of annual emissions of carbon dioxide gas in the United States," he said.
In addition to carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbon gases, which are a group of man-made gas, also have an influence on global warming. Chlorofluorocarbon gases emissions are not the result of human activity offerings. Gas group was created for several purposes, among them, as the refrigerant (or Freon dichlorodifluoromethane), solvents in industry, detergent electronic components, an additive in paint volatile materials, manufacture of rubber plastic foam (polyurethane foam rubber), and aerosol spray tube. "Although the amount of chlorofluorocarbon gases is much less than the amount of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbon each molecule potential greenhouse gas effect by 10 thousand times in comparison with the molecules carbon dioxide gas," he said.
Once entered into the atmosphere, gases chlorofluorocarbons can last between 75 years up to 110 years. While there, the gas will act to eliminate ozone gas Earth's protective shield against excessive sunlight. Due to excess sun's effect on the incidence of changes in climate, animal life and flora. Phytoplankton and algae food for fish killed by excessive sun this. As a result, gas absorption kardon dioxide by the amount of water that dead flora also participated reduced.
Global warming is also a process over which poses some environmental factors effects on human life, such as the possibility of melting icebergs that will submerge some parts of the land, climate change resulting in food shortages population. Continued to take into account is the result of the migration of the population of the earth as it did in the ancient ice age with the potential for social unrest mankind globally.
Increasing the temperature of the Earth would result in a very extreme climate changes on Earth. This can lead to disruption of forests and other ecosystems, thereby reducing its ability to absorb carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Global warming resulting in the melting of icebergs in the polar regions that could lead to rising sea levels. The greenhouse effect will also lead to rising sea temperatures that sea water expands and sea level rise occurred which resulted in the island nation will have a huge influence.
According to the simulation calculations, the greenhouse effect has increased the Earth's average temperature 1-5 ° C. If the trend of increasing greenhouse gases remain as it will lead to an increase in global warming between 1.5 to 4.5 ° C around the year 2030. With increasing concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere, the more heat waves reflected from the Earth's surface is absorbed the atmosphere. This will result in earth's surface temperature to rise.
Hydrocarbons can be classified according to a variety of carbon-carbon bonds they contain. Hydrocarbons with carbon-carbon single bond has called saturated hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons with two or more carbon atoms having two or three bonds called unsaturated hydrocarbons (Fessenden, 1997).
Hydrogen and its compounds, generally divided into three major groups, namely:
1. Hydrogen consists of aliphatic carbon chain that does not cover cyclic wake. This group is often referred to as the open-chain hydrocarbons or cyclic hydrocarbons. Examples of aliphatic hydrocarbons, namely:
C2H6 (ethane) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 (pentane)
2. Alicyclic hydrocarbon or cyclic hydrocarbon composed of carbon atoms arranged in a ring or more.
3. Aromatic hydrocarbons are a special class of cyclic compounds that are usually described as a ring of six with a single bond and a double bond bersilih changed. The group is classified separately from acyclic and aliphatic hydrocarbons because of its unique physical and chemical properties (Shukri, 1999).
For saturated hydrocarbons, all of the carbon atoms in the alkane has four single bonds and no lone pairs. The electrons are bound strongly by both atoms. Consequently, these compounds are quite stable and is also called paraffin which means less reactive (Wilbraham, 1992).
Carbon-carbon of a hydrocarbon can come together as a chain or a ring. Saturated hydrocarbons with the atoms together in a straight chain or branched chain alkanes are classified as. A mean of each straight-chain carbon atoms of alkanes is tied to no more than two other carbon atoms. A branched-chain alkanes containing at least one carbon atom bonded to three other carbon atoms or more (Fessenden, 1997).
Straight-chain alkanes:
CH3 - CH2 - CH3
Branched-chain alkanes:
CH3 - CH - CH2 - CH3
CH3
Compounds of low molecular weight gaseous and liquid, high-molecular-weight substances are solid. Alkanes are nonpolar substance, a substance that is not soluble in water with a liquid density of less than 1.0 g / ml. In addition there is also alkanes alkenes are hydrocarbons which have one or more double bond carbon-carbon. The compound is said to be saturated because it does not have the maximum number of atoms that actually can fit any carbon (Pettruci, 1987).
Aliphatic hydrocarbons derived from petroleum, while aromatic hydrocarbons from coal. All hydrocarbons, aliphatic and aromatic have three general properties, which are not soluble in water, is lighter than water and burns in air (Wilbraham, 1992)
Merupkan alkane hydrocarbons from unsaturated aldehyde can be reacted with acetaldehyde, Zn metal in acid and added H2SO4, following the addition of H2SO4 then changes color changes to dark brown, dense metal that Zn as for being late due to the influence of H2SO4. This reaction is called reduction Clemensen, while the reaction is as follows:
O
CH3 - C - H Zn + H2SO4 C2H6
Zn metal were to act as a reductant, whereas concentrated H2SO4 serves as an oxidant. This is what causes the color change. Acetaldehyde is a group of easily reduced to aldehyde compounds with the same number of atoms number. Zinc metal is added to function as a reductant (oxidized), whereas concentrated H2SO4 solution as an oxidant (is reduced).
gas missions that have an influence on human health and global warming is often not a priority in any policy made by many countries in the world. How badly actual consequences gas emissions can we trace below.
Indeed, gas emissions from the offerings in human activity is a consequence of everyday life on planet earth. Emissions that occurred, was not solely derived from human activities, but also of the natural process. For example, the leaf respiration, volcanic eruption, the natural life in the woods, spontaneous fires in the woods, and the biochemical processes that occur in the swamp. The gas emitted naturally, according to Dr. dr. SKM Purwaka Rachmadhi School of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, is part of the recycling process that always occurs dynamically in order to equilibrium naturally.
"For the amount of emissions that the offerings are still within the limits of the natural ability to recycle re-reschedule, gas emissions will not significantly disrupt life on Earth. However, if the gas resulting from human activity has been beyond kepasitas natural recycling, of course cause a buildup of gas, not only on the micro-environment, but also has led to faltering balance of the macro environment, which are in the form of global warming that does not directly result in public health , "said Rachmadhi.
In addition to the indirect effects of the gas, the gas content types that emissions of any potential direct effect on public health.
The presence of several components that form gas emissions from motor vehicles (carbon monoxide, nitrogen gas, and the gas nitrogen oxide gases and gas-hydrocarbons) and this is a xenobiotic substance (substances foreign to the human body), also cause a variety of health problems in humans directly. Carbon monoxide, for example, will cause interference with the transport of oxygen in the body system. Nitrogen oxide gases are gases that potentially lower the body's immunity, and hydrocarbon gases, obviously it can cause irritation, body system disorders and cancer.
Global Warming
According Rachmadhi, global warming began to be realized when at about the decade of the 1960s to the 1970s, experts are faced with data regarding the cessation of cooling air. Previously, the earth cools at a rate of half a degree every year. However, the process of global warming when it is detected in the northern hemisphere, causing the cooling of the earth stalled. Since then, conditions continued to global warming which leads to an increase in air temperature.
The experts who are members of the body of the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration in the United States, and believes that global warming caused by the buildup of carbon dioxide in the upper atmosphere as a result of human activities offering. The presence of carbon dioxide in large quantities is like to be a shock for the degree of reflection or albedo of the earth to the sun which allows the earth to avoid overheating. Reflection of the earth to the sun was due to the reflection of sunlight by dust particles, clouds, water, snow, and ice.
In addition to carbon dioxide, some other gases are also known to contribute to global warming. The gases in question, among other things, gas ozone found in lower layers of the atmosphere, methane, chlorofluorocarbon gases, nitrogen oxide gases, and water vapor. Clouds are a deterrent sunlight heating the Earth, it also blocks the release of the reflected heat of the earth so that played a role in the process of global warming.
According Rachmadhi, it is known that carbon dioxide has the largest contribution in its effect on global warming, which is as much as 49 percent, while only 18 per cent methane, chlorofluorocarbon gases by 14 percent, nitrogen oxide gases 6 percent, and other gases by 13 percent. Thus, it can be said that of all kinds of gases causing global warming, carbon dioxide is the most dangerous gases. Conversely, global warming by greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide through effect, it is a precondition for human life and most animals. If this process does not occur, the average air temperature at the earth's surface is minus 20 degrees Celsius.
However, in the recent period, the earth gets redundant supply of the gases. The burning of forests and fossil fuels, industry, power generation and motor vehicle emissions contribute to greenhouse gas carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere. "The supply of these gases occur in excess and concentrated in certain places," he said.
Due to presence of Increased Number of People and Development
An increasing number of people and the accompanying development aselerasi, give rise to the availability of foodstuffs multiplied many times compared to the past. Traditional farming patterns no longer able to meet the food needs of the world's insistence, so that agricultural patterns through a revolution that forced the felling of forest for the purpose of farming land and shelter.
With the opening of farmland that causes tearing down forests absorbing carbon dioxide through the process of assimilation, increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere becomes uncontrollable. Under ordinary circumstances the forest and vegetation in general is one of the elements that contribute to transform carbon dioxide into ingredients for growth for plants in the recycling of carbon. "According to estimates, if the other conditions to support, required plant 20 billion trees every year to be able to absorb 67 percent of annual emissions of carbon dioxide gas in the United States," he said.
In addition to carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbon gases, which are a group of man-made gas, also have an influence on global warming. Chlorofluorocarbon gases emissions are not the result of human activity offerings. Gas group was created for several purposes, among them, as the refrigerant (or Freon dichlorodifluoromethane), solvents in industry, detergent electronic components, an additive in paint volatile materials, manufacture of rubber plastic foam (polyurethane foam rubber), and aerosol spray tube. "Although the amount of chlorofluorocarbon gases is much less than the amount of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbon each molecule potential greenhouse gas effect by 10 thousand times in comparison with the molecules carbon dioxide gas," he said.
Once entered into the atmosphere, gases chlorofluorocarbons can last between 75 years up to 110 years. While there, the gas will act to eliminate ozone gas Earth's protective shield against excessive sunlight. Due to excess sun's effect on the incidence of changes in climate, animal life and flora. Phytoplankton and algae food for fish killed by excessive sun this. As a result, gas absorption kardon dioxide by the amount of water that dead flora also participated reduced.
Global warming is also a process over which poses some environmental factors effects on human life, such as the possibility of melting icebergs that will submerge some parts of the land, climate change resulting in food shortages population. Continued to take into account is the result of the migration of the population of the earth as it did in the ancient ice age with the potential for social unrest mankind globally.
Increasing the temperature of the Earth would result in a very extreme climate changes on Earth. This can lead to disruption of forests and other ecosystems, thereby reducing its ability to absorb carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Global warming resulting in the melting of icebergs in the polar regions that could lead to rising sea levels. The greenhouse effect will also lead to rising sea temperatures that sea water expands and sea level rise occurred which resulted in the island nation will have a huge influence.
According to the simulation calculations, the greenhouse effect has increased the Earth's average temperature 1-5 ° C. If the trend of increasing greenhouse gases remain as it will lead to an increase in global warming between 1.5 to 4.5 ° C around the year 2030. With increasing concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere, the more heat waves reflected from the Earth's surface is absorbed the atmosphere. This will result in earth's surface temperature to rise.
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