PETROLEUM

Petroleum (English: petroleum, from Latin petrus - rock and oleum - oil), also dubbed as the black gold, is a thick liquid, dark brown or greenish flammable, which is in the upper layers of the few areas in the crust earth. Petroleum consists of a complex mixture of different hydrocarbons, the majority of the alkane series, but vary in appearance, composition, and purity. Oil extracted from oil wells in the oil mines. Location of the wells is obtained after going through the process of geological studies, sediment analysis, character and structure of the source, and a variety of other studies. [1] [2] After that, the Earth will be processed in oil refineries where oil and separated the results by boiling point to produce a wide range of fuels, from gasoline and kerosene to asphalt and other chemical reagents needed to make plastics and pharmaceuticals. [3] Oil is used to produce a wide variety of goods and material human needs. [4 ]Composition
If seen rough, earth oil contains only crude oil, but in everyday use it is also used in the form of hydrocarbon solids, liquids, and gases. At standard temperature and pressure conditions, light hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane, propane, and butane is a gas that boils at -161.6 ° C, -88.6 ° C, -42 ° C, and -0.5 ° C, respectively (- 258.9 °, -127.5 °, -43.6 ° and +31.1 ° F), while the carbon is higher, ranging from pentane to the form of solids or liquids. Even so, in the oil under the ground, the proportion of gases, liquids, and solids depending on surface conditions and the phase diagram of the petroleum mixture Earth. [5]
Most oil wells producing crude oil, and sometimes there is also the natural gas content in it. Since the pressure at the Earth's surface is lower than underground, some of the gas will come out in the form of a mixture. Most gas wells producing gas. However, as the temperature and pressure in the underground is greater than the temperature at the surface, the gas that comes out is sometimes also contain larger hydrocarbons, such as pentane, hexane, and heptane in the form of gas. On the surface, the gas will condense that form natural gas condensate. Physical form of condensate is similar to gasoline.
The percentage of light hydrocarbons in crude oil varies depending on the oil fields, the maximum content can be up to 97% of the gross weight and the minimum is 50%.
Types of hydrocarbons contained in the Earth's oil consists mainly of alkanes, cycloalkanes, and a variety of aromatic hydrocarbons, coupled with some other minor elements such as nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, plus some types of metals such as iron, nickel, copper, and vanadium . The number of molecular composition vary greatly from one oil to another oil but the percentage proportion of the chemical elements can be seen below: [6]Element element composition by weight percentage rangeCarbon 83 to 87%Hydrogen 10 to 14%Nitrogen 0.1 to 2%Oxygen 0.05 to 1.5%Sulfur 0.05 to 6.0%Metal <0.1%
There are 4 kinds of hydrocarbon molecules present in crude oil. Relative percentage of each molecule varies by location of the oil, thus describes the characteristics of each oil. [5]Molecular composition by weight Hydrocarbon Average RangeParaffin 30% 15 to 60%Naptena 49% 30 to 60%Aromatics 15% 3 to 30%Aspaltena 6% remainsMost of the world's crude oil is a non-conventional. [7]
Physical appearance of the Earth's oil vary greatly depending on its composition. Oil is usually black or dark brown (although it can also be a yellowish color, reddish, or even greenish). In oil wells are commonly found natural gas also has a lighter density than Earth's oil, so usually out first than oil. In the mix, there is also salt water, the density is lower, so is the oil layer below. Crude oil can also be found with a mixture of sand and oil, as in the Athabasca oil sands in Canada, which usually refers to the raw bitumen. Bitumen contained in the Canadian has the characteristics of a sticky, black, shaped like crude oil in the form of tar, so it is very sticky and heavy and must be heated beforehand in order to dissolve and be passed. [8] Venezuela also has large amounts of oil reserves in the oil sands Orinoco, though the amount of hydrocarbons contained more fluid than in Canada. Type of oil is called extra heavy oil. The oil contained in the oil sands are called unconventional oil to distinguish them from oil which can be extracted by traditional methods used. Canada and Venezuela is estimated to have 3.6 trillion barrels (570 × 109 m3) of bitumen and extra-heavy oil, about twice the volume of conventional oil reserves of the world. [9]
Oil is mainly used to produce gasoline and fuel oil, both of which are sources of "primary energy" main. [10] 84% of the volume of oil hydrocarbons contained in the Earth turned into fuel, which includes gasoline, diesel, fuel jet, and liquefied petroleum gas. [11] Petroleum level lighter oil will produce the best quality, but because of light and medium oil reserves are getting a little, then places the present oil processing to further improve the processing of heavy oil and bitumen, followed methods are increasingly complex and expensive to produce oil. Due to heavy oil level tyang Earth contains carbon and hydrogen too much too little, then the process is typically used to reduce carbon or add hydrogen to the molecule. To change a long and complex molecules into smaller molecules and simple, fluid catalytic cracking process used.
Because it has a high energy density, easy transport, and a lot of reserve oil, Earth has become the most important energy source in the world since the mid 1950's. Oil is also used as the raw material of many chemical products, pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, and plastics, and the remaining 16% that are not used for energy production is converted into other materials.
Known oil reserves are now about 190 km3 (1.2 trillion barrels) without oil sands, [12] or 595 km3 (3.74 trillion barrels) if the oil sands are counted. [13] Earth's current oil consumption is around 84 million barrels (13.4 × 106 m3) per day, or 4.9 km3 per year. With current oil reserves, the oil can still be used until the Earth 120 years from now, if the world is assumed not to increase consumption.
Some scientists claim that oil is abiotic substance, which means the substance is not derived from fossils but from inorganic substances produced naturally in the belly of the Earth. However, this view is doubtful in scientific circles.ChemicalOctane, hydrocarbons found in gasoline. The lines represents a single bond, a black ball represents carbon, while the white ball represents hydrogen.
Petroleum is a mixture of various hydrocarbons, the type most commonly found molecules are alkanes (both straight-chain or branched), cycloalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, or compounds such as aspaltena complex. Each oil has a unique molecular Earth respectively, are known from the physical and chemical characteristics, color, and viscosity.
Alkanes, also called paraffins, are saturated hydrocarbons with straight or branched chain molecules containing only the elements carbon and hydrogen with the general formula CnH2n +2. In general, the Earth oil containing 5 to 40 carbon atoms per molecule, although the number of carbon molecules with fewer / more may also be present in the mixture.
Alkanes from pentane (C5H12) to octane (C8H18) are refined into gasoline, while alkanes kind nonana (C9H20) to hexadecane (C16H34) will be refined into diesel, kerosene and jet fuel). Alkanes with 16 or more carbon atoms will be refined into oil / lubricant. Alkanes with the number of carbon atoms greater, such as paraffin wax having 25 carbon atoms, and the asphalt has more than 35 carbon atoms. Alkanes with the number of carbon atoms 1 to 4 will be a gas at room temperature, and sold as LPG (LPG). In winter, butane (C4H10), used as a blend in gasoline, because of the high vapor pressure of butane will help the engine running in the winter. Another is the use of alkanes as a cigarette lighter. In some countries, propane (C3H8) can be availed under moderate pressure, and community use as a transportation fuel and cooking.
Cycloalkanes, also known as naptena, are saturated hydrocarbons which have one or more double bond in the carbon, with the general formula CnH2n. Cycloalkanes have characteristics that are similar to alkanes but have higher boiling points.
Aromatic hydrocarbons are saturated hydrocarbons which have one or more carbon-6 planar rings called benzene rings, where the hydrogen atom will bond with the carbon atom with the general formula CnHn. Such hydrocarbons when burned it will cause black smoke. Some are carcinogenic.
All kinds of different molecules above separated by fractional distillation in a refinery to produce gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, and other hydrocarbons. An example is 2,2,4-trimethylpentanes (isooctane), was used as the main mix in gasoline, has a chemical formula C8H18 and the exothermic reaction with oxygen: [14]

    2 C8H18 (l) + 25 O2 (g) → 16 CO2 (g) + 18 H2O (g) + 10.86 MJ / mol (of octane)
The number of each molecule on Earth oil can be studied in the laboratory. These molecules usually be extracted in a solvent, then separated in the gas chromatograph, and then can be detected by a suitable detector. [15]
Incomplete combustion of petroleum Earth or processed products will cause toxic byproducts. For example, too little oxygen is mixed it will produce carbon monoxide. Due to the high temperature and pressure inside the engine, the exhaust gases produced by the engine is usually also contain molecular nitrogen oxides that can cause smog.Empirical equation for the thermal characteristics of refined petroleum products EarthHeat of combustion
At a constant volume the heat of combustion of oil products Earth can be estimated using the following formula:

    Q_v = 12.400 to 2.100 d ^ 2.
with Q_v in cal / gram and d is the specific gravity at 60 ° F (16 ° C).Thermal conductivity
The thermal conductivity of liquids derived from petroleum Earth can be formulated as follows:

    K = \ frac {0813} {d} [1-0.0203 (t-32)] 0547
Unit K is BTU hr-1ft-2, t is measured in ° F and d is the specific gravity at 60 ° F (16 ° C).ClassificationA sample of crude oil with a medium weight classification.
The petroleum industry generally classifies crude oil by the geographic location where the oil is produced (eg West Texas Intermediate, Brent, or Oman), API Gravity (a measure of the industry to classify crude oil based on its density and sulfur content. Petroleum is classified light when the density is small and the weight if the density. Petroleum is also classified as an adorable little sulfur content and an acid classified kandunga high sulfur.
Geographical location is seseatu important because it will affect the cost of transportation to the place refining. Light crude oil is preferred over heavy because it produces more gasoline, while sweet crude is also preferable that amino acids because the cost of refined petroleum larger (because of its high sulfur content) and sweet oil is more environmentally friendly. Each oil has its own molecular characteristics that can be analyzed using analysis of crude oil in the laboratory trials.Use! Further information: Oil Products Earth
The chemical structure of Minya Earth is heterogeneous, composed of many hydrocarbon chains of different lengths vary. Therefore, the oil brought to the Earth so that the oil refinery hydrocarbon compounds can be separated by distillation techniques and other chemical processes. The results of oil refining is used by humans for a variety of needs.Fuel
The most common types of products from oil refining Earth is the fuel. The types of fuel, among others (judging from the boiling point): [16]Distillate fuel oils Earth name oC Boiling pointLiquefied petroleum gas (LPG) -40Butane -12 to -1Gasoline -1 to 180Jet fuel 150 to 205Kerosene 205 to 260Fuel oil 205 to 290Diesel 260 to 315Other derivative products
Some of refined hydrocarbon products can be mixed with non-hydrocarbon compounds to form other compounds:

    Alkenes (olefins), can be manufactured into plastics or other compounds.
    Lubricants (engine oil and grease).
    Wax, used in the packaging of frozen foods.
    Sulfur or sulfuric acid. Is an important compound in the industry.
    Tar.
    Asphalt.
    Earth petroleum coke, is used as a solid fuel.
    Paraffin wax.
    Petrochemical aromatic, used as a blend in the production of other chemicals.
In Indonesia
In Indonesia, the Earth are processed oils are widely used as a fuel or fuel oil, which is one type of fuel used widely in the era of industrialization.
There are several types of fuel, known in Indonesia, among which are:

    Household kerosene
    Petroleum industry
    Pertamax Racing
    Pertamax
    Pertamax Plus
    Premium
    Bio Premium
    Bio Solar
    Pertamina DEX
    Solar transport
    Solar industry
    Diesel oil
    Fuel oil
In Indonesia, it is often an increase in fuel prices due to the reason that the government wants to reduce subsidies. The purpose of the reduction is said to be funds that were previously used for subsidies can be diverted to other things such as education and infrastructure development. On the other hand, the increase is often triggered a rise in the price of other goods such as consumer goods, groceries and electricity tariffs that could also always opposed the public.HistoryThe main article for this section are: History of Oil EarthOil drilling in Okemah, Oklahoma, 1922.
Oil has been used by humans since ancient times, and is still an important commodity. Oil primary fuel after the discovery of the internal combustion engine, the more advanced commercial aviation and the increasing use of plastic.
More than 4000 years ago, according to Herodotus and Diodorus Siculus, asphalt was used as the construction of the walls and towers of Babylon, there is plenty of oil pits near Ardericca (near Babylon). [17] The amount of oil was found on the banks of the river Issus , one of the tributaries of the Euphrates. The tablets of the ancient Persian empire shows that demand for pharmaceuticals and lighting for the middle-upper using oil earth. In the year 347, the oil wells are produced daqri with bamboo in China. [18]
In the 1850's, Ignacy Lukasiewicz discover how the process to distill kerosene from petroleum Earth, thus providing a cheaper alternative than having to use whale oil. So, immediately, use the Earth for the purpose of lighting the oil soared in North America. [19] The first commercial oil well in the world who dug located in Poland in 1853. Oil drilling and then growing very rapidly in many parts of the world, especially when the Russian Empire in power. The company, based in Azerbaijan Branobel dominate world oil production by the end of the 19th century. [20] [verification needed source]Crude oil industryPrice of West Texas Intermediate oil on the New York Mercantile Exchange, 1996-2009The main article for this section are: Industrial oils Earth
The things that are included in the crude oil industry is a process of exploration, extraction, refining, and transportation (which is usually transported by tankers and pipelines). The largest volume of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline. Oil is also a major fuel in the manufacture of other chemical products, including pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, and plastics. The industry is usually divided into three major components: upstream, midstream and downstream.
Oil is a very important requirement for many industries, and is essential for maintaining human civilization in this era of industrialization, so the Earth's oil is a serious concern for many governments in many countries. Currently, oil is still the Earth's largest energy source in many regions of the world, with the percentage varying from a low of 32% in Europe and Asia, up to the highest in the Middle East, which reached 53%. In other areas, the percentage of Earth's oil consumption as a source of energy for South and Central America 44%, Africa 41%, and North America 40%. The world currently consumes 30 million barrels (4.8 km ³) of oil per year, and remains the largest oil consuming developed countries. According to the data, the United States alone consumes 24% of world oil consumption in 2004, [21] though in 2007 the percentage dropped to 21%. [22]