Mid Test

Mid Test

Name: Tiara Viodelf

NIM: RSA1C1001

1.   1.   a. Explain how the concept of organic compounds from petroleum can be used as a fuel vehicles such as car, motor bike, including aircraft.

Answer: an organic compound is one that has as an main element..Petroleum has carbon is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and other organic compounds. Oil is a mixture of alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatic hydrocarbons. Petroleum is usually located 3-4 km below sea level. Crude oil gained accommodated in tankers or piped into a tank station or oil refinery. Crude oil contains about 500 types of hydrocarbons by the number of atoms C-1 to 50. Hydrocarbons boiling point increases with the number of C atoms inside the molecule. Therefore, the processing of petroleum through distillation storey, where crude oil is separated into groups (fractions) with similar boiling points.
 Distillation is the separation of petroleum fractions based on differences in their boiling points. In this case the fractional distillation. At first, crude oil is heated in a pipe flow in the furnace (furnace) until the temperature of ± 370 ° C. Crude oil that is heated is then entered into the fractionation column in the flash chamber (usually in the lower third of the fractionation column). To keep the temperature and pressure in the column then assisted heating with steam (steam and hot water high pressure).Crude oil is vaporized in the distillation process, up to the top of the column and then condensed at different temperatures. Components of a higher boiling point will remain a liquid and fall to the bottom, while the lower boiling point will evaporate and rise to the top through the lid-lid-called bubble shield. Growing up, temperatures are in the fractionating column is getting low, so each time the component with a higher boiling point will be separated, while the component lower boiling point up to the more up again. So the next so that the component is a component that peaked at room temperature in the form of gas. Components in the form of gas is called petroleum gas, liquefied and then called LPG (Liquified Petroleum Gas). Fraction of crude oil that does not evaporate into the residue. Residues include paraffin oil, wax, and asphalt. These residues have a carbon chain of more than 20.

Petroleum fractions produced by boiling ranges are as follows:

1. Gas
The range of carbon chain: C1 to C5
Boiling Route: 0 to 50 ° C

2. Gasoline (Petrol)
The range of carbon chain: C6 to C11
Boiling Route: 50 to 85 ° C

3. Kerosene (kerosene)
The range of carbon chain: C12 to C20
Boiling Route: 85 to 105 ° C
Boiling Route: 135 to 300 ° C

6. Residue
The range of carbon chain: on the C40
Boiling route: above 300 ° C

Petroleum fractions from distillation process has not been graded according to the quality of people's needs, so it needs further processing which includes the process of cracking, reforming, polymerization, treating, and
blending.

b. Explain it how the idea of chemical compunds from petroleum can be used to make clothing and plastic and material needs of other human lives.

Petroleum in addition to the purpose of transportation fuels, industrial fuel and fuel separately household, petroleum is also the base ingredient in the manufacture of a variety of purposes in modern society such as raw materials for plastics, paint, solvents in chemical industry2, even fabrics for apparel can now be made from petroleum.
The idea is by using current synthetic fibers made from petroleum. Synthetic fibers or man-made fibers are generally derived from petrochemicals. However, there are synthetic fibers made from natural cellulose such as rayon.

The definition of petrochemical is any chemical derived from fossil fuels. This includes the fossil fuels that have been purified as methane, propane, butane, gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, jet fuel, and also includes a variety of agricultural chemicals such as pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers, as well as materials such as plastic , asphalt, and artificial fibers.

Mineral fiber

    * Glass Fiber / Fiberglass, made of quartz,
    * Metal fibers can be made from Ductile metals such as [[copper], gold, or silver.
    * Carbon fiber

Polymer fibers

    * Fiber is the part of the polymer synthetic fibers. This type of fiber is made through a chemical process. A common material used to make polymer fibers:
          o polyamide nylon,
          o PET or PBT polyester, used to make plastic bottles,
          o phenol-formaldehyde (PF)
          o fiber polivinyl alcohol (PVOH)
          o fiber polivinyl chloride (PVC)
          o polyolefin (PP and PE)
          o polyethylene (PE),
          o Elastomer, is used to make spandex,
          o polyurethane.

Fabric / synthetic textiles such as nylon and polyester, manufactured completely from chemicals. Natural textiles, such as cotton, silk and wool tebuat from plant fibers or animal. Synthetic textiles are very useful because it has different properties and more advanced than the natural material. Plastic Raincoat for example, is waterproof.

Conversion reaction is the reaction of a base material for petroleum industry with the use of inexpensive materials into valuable materials needed so economical (cheap). This process is obtained in the polymerization (formation of plastic).

Polymerization is the process of forming a polymer. Polymer composed of natural polymers and synthetic polymers. Polymers are large molecules composed of repeating small units (monomers). Monomer is an organic compound that has a double bond and a double bond is open to form a bond with other monomers to the desired amount (synthetic polymers). Natural polymer compounds formed by nature, natural polymers are examples of latex (rubber tree), carbohydrate (corn cassava), protein, cellulose, resin. While examples of synthetic polymers are nylon, dacron, teflon.

Plastic is an elastic material, heat resistant, easy to set up, lighter than wood, and are not corroded by the moisture. Plastics other than it's cheap, it also can be used as an insulator and easily colored. While the weakness of the plastic is indestructible (degradation). Examples of plastic is polyethylene, polystyrene, (Styron, Lustrex, Loalin), polyester (Mylar, Celanex, Ekonol), polypropylene (Poly-Pro, Pro-fax), polyvinyl acetate.

Polyethylene or PE (Poly Eth, Tygothene, Pentothene) is a polymer of ethylene (CH2 = CH2) and a white plastic like a candle, can be made of synthetic resin and classified in thermoplastic (heat-resistant plastic). Polyethylene has such good press power, chemical resistance, low mechanical strength, moisture resistance, high flexibility, low electrical conductivity. Based on the density PE divided into two low-density PE (used as a wrapper, household appliance and insulators) and high density (used as a drum, a water pipe, or a bottle).

2.      2.explain why the hydrocarbons that are asymmetrical or chiral have a variety of benefit for human being. And describe how does it the chiral centers can be used.

Answer: Chiral compounds are when the four different ligands bound to the carbon tetravalent, asymmetric molecules which produce carbon atom at the center asimetrisnya. Chiral Molecules have very unique properties, namely optical properties. That is a chiral molecule has the ability to rotate the plane of polarized light in a device called a polarimeter.
Chemical reactions in biological systems are very stereospecific living things. That is a stereoisomer will undergo a different reaction partner stereoisomers in biological systems of living things. In fact, sometimes a stereoisomer will produce different products with partner stereoisomers in biological systems of living things.
An example is the drug thalidomide. how does it the chiral centers can be formed

1.Determine order of priority of the 4 atoms / groups attached to the chiral C

2.Pusat chiral seen from the opposite direction to the atom / group yangmempunyai lowest priority.

3.If order of priority (besarkecil) clockwise then the center has a configuration kiraldikatakan R. If instead, the center has a configuration kiraldikatakan S.The order of priority

1.Makin high atomic number, the higher the priority, for example: I> Br> Cl> F> OH> NH> CH 3> H

2.If there are groups that are identical, then the priority is determined by the next atom number

3.      3.when ethylene gas produced from a ripe fruit can be used to ripe other fruits that are still unripe. How do you idea when the gas is used as fuel gas like methane gas.

Answer: Ethylene is a plant hormone first in the form of gas. If the fruit is ripe oranges combined with bananas, ripe bananas are faster because orange etilen.Etilen made out of gas plants and cause more rapid ripening ethylene gas requires much buah.Pembentukan inhibited by O2 and CO2. All parts of the plant can produce ethylene gas angiosperms. Formation mainly occurs in roots, shoot apical meristem, mode, fall flowers and ripe fruit. * Natural gas as a fuel, such as fuel Power Plant Gas / Steam, industrial fuel light, medium and heavy fuel vehicles (CNG / NGV), as town gas for domestic hotels, restaurants etc. .

    * Natural gas as a feedstock, such as raw material fertilizer plants, petrochemicals, methanol, plastics raw materials (LDPE = low density polyethylene, LLDPE = linear low density polyethylene, HDPE = high-density polyethylen, PE = poly ethylene, PVC = poly vinyl chloride, C3 and C4 it to LPG, its CO2 for soft drinks, dry ice food preservatives, artificial rain, industrial iron castings, welding and fire extinguisher lighter materials.

    * Natural gas as an energy commodity for export, the Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG.

4.      4.aromatic compounds are marked by ease of adjacent electrons conjugated. Please expain why an unsaturated compound which highly conjugated but is not aromatic

Answer: Based on the arrangement of carbon atoms in the molecule, carbon compounds are divided into two major categories, namely compound aliphatic and cyclic compounds. Aliphatic hydrocarbons are carbon compounds chain opens its C and C it allows branched chain. Based on the amount of the bond, aliphatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic compounds are divided into saturated and unsaturated.

- The compound is a saturated aliphatic C chain aliphatic compounds it contains only single bonds only. This group is called alkanes.

Unsaturated aliphatic compounds are aliphatic compounds, varying chain C double bond or triple. If you have duplicate named alkenes and alkynes have triple called. In unsaturated compounds (-C = O), the transition to the low-energy non-bonding involves electrons to oxygen, one of it was promoted to the p * orbital which is relatively low. However, the transition from n to p *, called "forbidden" or including a ban on the transition, it is associated with a low intensity. Two others, namely the transition from n to s * and from p to s *. Both give strong absorption, but involves high energy. The most noticeable absorption intensity for ketone compounds are electron transition p to p *

ORGANIC ACID BASES

The purpose of the organic acid is a weak acid is very incomplete because of ionization. At one time most of the acid in solution as molecules that are not ionized. For example, in the case etanoik acid, a solution containing 99% etanoik acid molecules and only 1 percent of that is really ionized. The position of the equilibrium being shifted to the left.
Why are acids acidic?
In any case, the bond between oxygen and oxygen-OH disconnected. So the only remaining molecule denoted as "X":
So if the same bond broken in any case, why the three examples above compounds produce acid level that is different?
 The difference between the acid strength of carboxylic acids, phenols and alcohols.
Factors to be considered
Two factors that affect the ionization of the acid is:
• The strength of the bond to be decided,
• the stability of the ions formed.
In this case, you break the bond of the same molecule (between O and H) so it can be determined bond strength is the same.
The most important factor in determining the relative strength of the molecule is in the nature of ion ion ion hidroksinium terbentuk.Anda always get so you do not need to compare it. All you need andabandingkan is the nature of the anions (negative ions) are different in each case.
Acid Etanoik
Etanoik acid has the structure:

Hydrogen is causing the acidic nature of hydrogen bound to oxygen. When etanoik ionized acid formed ethanoate ion, CH3COO-. You may think that the structure of the ethanoate ion is as below, but of the bond length measurements show that carbon with two oxygen bonds are the same length. With a length ranging from single bond length and bond ..
To identifies why, you have to look in detail ethanoate ionic bond.
Just like any other bonds, carbon-oxygen bond is in two distinct parts. A pair of electrons are found on the line between the two nuclei are called sigma bonds. Another pair of electrons are found above and below the plane in the form pi bond. The pi bond is made of p orbitals overlap between carbon and oxygen.
In ethanoate ion, one of the free electrons of oxygen are in a state negarif almost parallel to the orbit;-p orbitals and resulting overlap between oxygen atoms and the other carbon atom.
So there is delocalised pi system of whole-COO-but not as it did in benzene.
All free atoms of oxygen has been removed from the image to simpler.
Because hydrogen is more electronegative than carbon, so that electron delocalization occurs system longer is in the region of oxygen atoms.
Then where is the negative charge of the whole molecule? Jwabannya is spread among the entire molecule-COO-, but the most likely find it in the Sar between the two oxygen atoms.
The more you spread the load, the more stable the ion. Or in this case, if you mendelokalisasikan negative charge to a few atoms, the charge will be less attracted to the tendency to form hydrogen ions re etanoik acid was reduced.
Ethanoate ions can be described simply as:
The dotted lines represent the delocalization. The negative charge in the middle written to illustrate that the charge is not localized on one atom of oxygen.
Phenol
Phenol has an-OH group attached to the chain benzennya.

When the hydrogen-oxygen bond in phenol is lost, you get a phenoxide ion, C6H5O-.
Delocalization also occurs in this ion. At this time, one of the free electrons from the oxygen atom overlap with the electrons of the benzene chain.
This resulted dislokalisasi overlap. And as a result of not only the negative charge is on oxygen but scattered throughout the molecule.
Then why phenols are weaker than etanoik acid? In ethanoate ion, delocalization centered on the area between the two atoms are delocalized oksigen.Sistem divide between the two negatively charged oxygen atoms. There is no more powerful oxygen attract hydrogen ions.
In the phenoxide ion, single oxygen atom is still the most electronegative and delocalized system centered on the oxygen region. So that the oxygen atom has a charge of most negative, even though it does not have as much cargo if delocalization does not occur.
Delocalisation makes phenoxide ion is more stable than it should thus becomes acidic phenols. But not divide the charge delocalization effectively. The negative charge around the oxygen will be attracted to the hydrogen ion dam makes it easier phenol formation again. So that phenol acid is very weak.
Ethanol
Ethanol, CH3CH2OH, is a very weak acid up to the point that you can think of it not as sour. If the oxygen and hydrogen bonding disconnected and release of ions, ion etokside formed.
There is no way to mendelokalisasi negative for a strong bond with the oxygen atom. The negative charge will be very interesting and ethanol hydrogen atoms will be easily reformed.
 Variations in acid strength of some carboxylic acids.
You might think that all the carboxylic acids have the same power as it has the same delocalization around-COO-ion to make a more stable and not easily bound with hydrogen ions.
But the fact that there are a variety of carboxylic acids having acidity.
pKa
HCOOH 3.75
CH3COOH 4.76
CH3CH2COOH 4.87
CH3CH2CH2COOH 4.82
Keep in mind that the higher the pKa, the weaker the acid. Why etanoik acid weaker than adam metanoik? It all depends on the stability of the anion formed. Possible to mendislokalisasikan negative charge. Increasingly terdislokalisasi, the more stable the ion and the stronger the acid.
Ion metanoat metanoik acid:
The only difference between this and the ethanoate ion is the presence of the ethanoate CH3. Alkyl have tended to push electrons away so betambahnya negative charge on the-COO-. The addition of ionic charge makes more unstable because it makes it easier bound with hydrogen. So that etanoik acid weaker than metanoik acid.
Alkyl else also has the effect of "pushing electrons" as the methyl propanoic acid and that acid strength similar to butanoik etanoik acid.
Acid can be strengthened by drawing a charge from-COO-. Yanda can do this by adding electronegative atom such as chloride on a chain.
In the following table are shown the more you tie the more acidic chlorine molecules.
pKa
CH3COOH 4.76
CH2ClCOOH 2.86
CHCl2COOH 1:29
CCl3COOH 0.65
Amino acids Tmerupakan Trikloroetanoik strong enough.
Different halogen tie also makes a difference. Florin is the most electronegative atom so you can guess that the higher the level of acidity florins.
pKa
CH2FCOOH 2.66
CH2ClCOOH 2.86
CH2BrCOOH 2.90
CH2ICOOH 3:17
And the last note also the effects that occur with increasing halogen mnjauhnya of-COO-.
pKa
CH3CH2CH2COOH 4.82
CH3CH2CHClCOOH 2.84
CH3CHClCH2COOH 4:06
CH2ClCH2CH2COOH 4:52
Efektive chlorine atom adjacent to the current-COO-and the effect decreases as the chlorine atom away.
Use the word search facility below to search for words in the chem-is-try.org
ORGANIC BASES
This page describes a simple basic compounds and why their bases.
Why primary amines bases?
 Ammonia is a weak base
Many compounds containing ammonia and this time we will discuss the nature ddari ammonia.
For that, we define bases as "substance joins with hydrogen ions (protons)." We'll see how the bases take hydrogen ions dati water molecules when dissolved in water.
Ammonia in solution is in equilibrium as follows.
An ammonium ion is formed along with hydroxide ions. Since ammonia is a weak base, the state of the ion is not long and back again to its original state. Equilibrium shifts to the left.
Ammonia acts as a base because the lone pair of active nitrogen, nitrogen is more electronegative than hydrogen so attractive bonding electrons on the ammonia molecule at him. Or in other words the presence of a lone pair going negative charge around the nitrogen atom. The combination of these extra negativity and appeal lone pair, draw hydrogen from water.
Comparing the strength of the weak base
The strength of a weak base is scaled pKb. The smaller the value of this scale is a stronger base.
Three compounds will be seen along with their pKb values.
You can see that methylamine is a stronger base where phenylamine much weaker.
Methylamine is typical of primary aliphatic amines. Where NH2 attached to the carbon chain. All primary aliphatic Amin is a stronger base than ammonia.
Phenylamine is typical of primary aromatic amines - where the-NH2 group is attached directly to a benzene ring. These are very much weaker bases than ammonia.
 Explain the difference in the base
Things to think about
Two factors that affect the strength of a base is:
• Ease of lone pair binds hydrogen ions,
• the stability of the ions formed.
 Why aliphatic primary Amin is a stronger base than ammonia?
Methylamine
Methylamine has the structure:
The difference is the presence of ammonia in methyl amine CH3. The alkyl group has a tendency to mendoron electrons away from them. This will mean that a number of additional negative charge around the nitrogen atom. Additional negative charge is more interesting pairing free hydrogen atom.
The more negative nitrogen bound hydrogen ions more easily.
And what about the methyl ion current is established, whether it is more stable than the ammonium ion?
Compare methylammonium ions with ammonium ions.
Methylammonium ions, the positive charge of the ions scattered around effect "electron boost" methyl. The more you spread the charge, the more stable the ion. However, the ammonium ion is no way to spread the positive ions.
Summary:
• Nitrogen is more negative than in the ammonia methylamine, thus binding more active hydrogen.
• Ions are formed in methylamine is more stable than ions formed from ammonia, making it more difficult to change the form of hydrogen ions more ..
Conclusion: methylamine is a stronger base than ammonia.
Other aliphatic primary amines
Alkyl others have the effect of "electron boost" as methyl, so that the strength of aliphatic acids is very similar to another premises methylamine.
For example:
pKb
CH3NH2 3:36
CH3CH2NH2 3:27
CH3CH2CH2NH2 3:16
CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2 3:39
 Why aromatic primary amines are weaker bases than ammonia?
Aromatic primary amines are compounds in which-NH2 group is attached directly to a benzene ring. That might be you often encounter is phenylamine.
Phenylamine has the structure:
Nitrogen lone pair of electrons delocalized ring touching .....
. . . and become delocalized along.
This means that couples no longer fully free to join the hydrogen ions. Nitrogen is still the most electronegative atom in the molecule and therefore approaching the delocalisation going in that direction, but the intensity of the charge around the nitrogen is not such as in within the molecule.

Protein as a means of transportation

Protein as a means of transportation
Carrier protein has the ability to bind to specific molecules and transporting various substances through the blood stream. For instance: hemoglobin, consisting of group-containing compound heme iron bound to the protein globin, serves as an oxygen carrier in the blood of vertebrates; hemosianin, befungsi as an oxygen carrier in the blood of some sort of Invertebrate; myoglobin, the oxygen transporter in muscle tissue ; serum albumin, as a transporter of fatty acids in the blood; β-lipoprotein, a lipid transporter in the blood; ceruloplasmin, a copper ion transporters in the blood.
Hemoglobin is metaloprotein (iron-containing protein) in red blood cells that serves as a carrier of oxygen from the lungs throughout the body, in mammals and other animals. Hemoglobin is also the bearer of carbon dioxide back to the lungs to the body exhaled. Hemoglobin molecule consists of globin, Apoprotein, and four heme groups, an organic molecule with an iron atom.

Mutations in these genes lead to a class of proteins hemoglobin decreased disease called hemoglobinopathy, among which the most common is sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.

Thalassemia is a result of an imbalance manufacture chain amino acids that make up hemoglobin contained by red blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen around the body with the help of a substance called hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is made of two different kinds of proteins, namely alpha globin and beta globin. Globin protein is made by a gene located on different chromosomes. If one or more of the globin genes that produce abnormal proteins or lost, there will be a decrease in globin proteins that cause thalassemia. Alpha globin gene mutations cause alpha-thalassemia disease and if it occurs in the beta globin causes beta-thalassemia disease.
Treatment of thalassemia depends on the type and severity of the disorder. Someone carriers or who have alpha or beta thalassemia trait tends to be mild or no symptoms and require little or no treatment. There are 3 (standard) general treatment for thalassemia intermediate level or weight, that blood transfusions, iron chelation therapy, and folic acid supplements mmenggunakan. In addition, there are other treatment is bone marrow transplantation cord, cord blood donation, and HLA (human leukocyte antigens).

• Blood transfusion
Transfusion is done is red blood cell transfusions. This therapy is the mainstay of therapy for people who suffer from moderate or severe thalassemia. Blood transfusion is done through the veins and gives red blood cells with normal hemoglobin. To maintain such circumstances, blood transfusions should be routine for within 120 days of the red blood cells will die. Especially for patients with beta thalassemia intermedia, blood transfusions only done occasionally, not regularly. As for the beta thalssemia major (Cooley's anemia) should be done on a regular basis (2 or 4 weeks).

• Iron Chelation Therapy (Iron Chelation)
Hemoglobin in red blood cells is iron-rich protein. When doing regular blood ransfusi can lead to the buildup of iron in the blood. These conditions can damage the liver, heart, and other organs. To prevent this damage, iron chelation therapy is needed to remove excess iron from the body. There are two drugs that are used in iron chelation therapy, namely:

a) Deferoxamine
Deferoxamine is a liquid medicine given by subcutaneous slowly and usually with the help of a small pump that is used in the overnight period. This therapy is time consuming and a bit of give pain. The side effects of this medication can cause loss of vision and hearing.

b) Deferasirox
Deferasirox is a pill taken once a day. The side effects are headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, joint pain, and fatigue (tiredness).

• Folic Acid Supplements
Folic acid is a B vitamin that can help build red blood cells healthy. This supplement should still be taken in addition to a blood transfusion or iron chelation therapy.

• Transplantation of bone marrow from the back
Bone Marrow Transplantation (BMT) has been conducted since 1900. Blood and marrow stem cell transplant replaces the normal stem cells are damaged. Stem cells are cells in the bone marrow to make red blood cells. Stem cell transplantation is the only treatment that can cure thalassemia. However, it has disadvantages because only a small number of people can find a good match between donor and recipient.

• donation of umbilical cord blood (Cord Blood)
Cord blood is the blood in the umbilical cord and placenta. Such as bone marrow, it is a rich source of stem cells, the building blocks of the human immune system. Compared with donor bone marrow, cord blood non-invasive, painless, more inexpensive and relatively simple.

• HLA (human leukocyte antigens)
Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) are proteins found on the surface of cells in the body. Our immune system is to recognize our own cells as 'self,' and cells 'foreign' as opposed to based on HLA proteins displayed on the surface of our cells. In bone marrow transplantation, HLA can prevent the rejection of the body and Graft versus Host Disease (GVHD). HLA best to avoid rejection is to be genetically related to the donor resipen (receiver).